Osmotic and cryoprotective effects of glycerol--sucrose solutions on Day-3 mouse embryos

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Abstract
The relative volume of Day-3 mouse embryos changed as a linear function of the reciprocal of osmolarity of non-permeating solutes after 10 min exposure to sucrose and glycerol-sucrose solutions at 20.degree. C. The slope of the linear regression line was less in glycerol-sucrose than in sucrose solutions because glycerol permeation caused re-expansion. Before freezing by direct transfer to -180.degree. C the embryos were placed into glycerol-sucrose in 1-step (1-step equilibration) or first into glycerol and then into glycerol-sucrose (2-step equilibration). Using 2-step equilibration the post-thaw survival rate was substantially higher at 3.0 and 4.0 M-glycerol levels and less dependent on changes in the sucrose concentration within the range of 0.125 to 1.0 M than with 1-step equilibration. Under optimal conditions 90-95% of rapidly frozen embryos developed to blastocysts in vitro and 30% into live young in vivo. It is suggested that the cryoprotective role of glycerol is due to its ability to reduce osmotic pressure differences between the extra and intracellular spaces during rapid freezing of embryos.