The field energetics of winter-dormant black bear (Ursus americanus) in northeastern Minnesota

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Abstract
Black bears (Ursus americanus) can spend half of their lives in a severe winter climate using only internal sources of energy and exchanging energy only as heat with their external environment. This paper presents the energy requirement to maintain a bear, and the magnitude of the heat transfer pathways to the bear's surroundings. Flux rate densities of the heat budget were measured for two denning black bears. It was found that the surface area of an oblate spheroid simulating the shape of the curled-up bears balanced the budgets. From these data a simulated bear–den system was constructed for a 75-kg animal: a fur-covered spheroid that was electrically heated and maintained at 36 °C. The energy requirement and heat transport were measured through the skin and in the den over winter, as was the oxygen consumption of a live bear in a similar den nearby. Over a 145-day denning period, mass loss due to fat catabolism would have ranged between 24 and 28% for the simulated bear with the entrance sealed or open, respectively. Using the amount of oxygen consumed and holding body water constant, the mass loss of the live bear over the same period would have been 19% if just fat had been catabolized. However, additional protein catabolism near the end of the denning period caused the loss to increase to 31%, primarily through urination. Once net protein catabolism began, dehydration and not starvation became life threatening.

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