Force, Shortening, and Work in Muscular Contraction: Relative Contributions to Overall Energy Utilization

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Abstract
The amounts of energy used during muscular contraction under different loads have been compared by measurement of the total amount of disturbance of the concentration of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide during the period of oxidative recovery. The results are in quantitative agreement with the concept that three parameters determine the energy utilization: namely the time-integral of the force development, the time-integral of the shortening process, and the mechanical work.