GILT is a critical host factor for Listeria monocytogenes infection

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Abstract
The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can cause severe illness in humans and animals. Now the enzyme GILT (interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase) has been identified as a critical host factor for infection by L. monocytogenes. Once in the body Listeria produces a pore-forming toxin, listeriolysin O (LLO), that releases phagocytosed bacteria into the cytosol of macrophages where they can replicate. LLO needs to be reduced before it becomes active, and it is the host's GILT enzyme that mediates this reduction. Mice lacking GILT are resistant to Listeria. This work offers a new potential therapeutic target for a disease where antibiotic resistance is of growing concern. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, intracellular, food-borne pathogen that can cause severe illness in humans and animals. On infection, it is actively phagocytosed by macrophages1; it then escapes from the phagosome, replicates in the cytosol, and subsequently spreads from cell to cell by a non-lytic mechanism driven by actin polymerization2. Penetration of the phagosomal membrane is initiated by the secreted haemolysin listeriolysin O (LLO), which is essential for vacuolar escape in vitro and for virulence in animal models of infection3. Reduction is required to activate the lytic activity of LLO in vitro4,5,6, and we show here that reduction by the enzyme γ-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT, also called Ifi30) is responsible for the activation of LLO in vivo. GILT is a soluble thiol reductase expressed constitutively within the lysosomes of antigen-presenting cells7,8, and it accumulates in macrophage phagosomes as they mature into phagolysosomes9. The enzyme is delivered by a mannose-6-phosphate receptor-dependent mechanism to the endocytic pathway, where amino- and carboxy-terminal pro-peptides are cleaved to generate a 30-kDa mature enzyme7,8,10. The active site of GILT contains two cysteine residues in a CXXC motif that catalyses the reduction of disulphide bonds7,8. Mice lacking GILT are deficient in generating major histocompatibility complex class-II-restricted CD4+ T-cell responses to protein antigens that contain disulphide bonds11,12. Here we show that these mice are resistant to L. monocytogenes infection. Replication of the organism in GILT-negative macrophages, or macrophages expressing an enzymatically inactive GILT mutant, is impaired because of delayed escape from the phagosome. GILT activates LLO within the phagosome by the thiol reductase mechanism shared by members of the thioredoxin family. In addition, purified GILT activates recombinant LLO, facilitating membrane permeabilization and red blood cell lysis. The data show that GILT is a critical host factor that facilitates L. monocytogenes infection.