Adrenergic Receptors — Evolving Concepts and Clinical Implications

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Abstract
The endogenous catecholamines — norepinephrine and epinephrine — are involved in the regulation of virtually every organ system. Norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter at certain sites in the central nervous system and in the sympathetic nervous system at postganglionic neuroeffector junctions. Epinephrine is primarily a circulating hormone produced by the adrenal medulla and other chromaffin tissue. Because norepinephrine comes from chromaffin tissue and overflows from sympathetic-nerve synapses, plasma concentrations of norepinephrine exceed those of epinephrine. Hence, norepinephrine can also act as a circulating hormone.Norepinephrine and epinephrine act through adrenergic receptors (also termed adrenoceptors). In this review, I will summarize . . .