Once‐Daily versus Twice‐Daily Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Antiretroviral‐Naive HIV‐Positive Patients: A 48‐Week Randomized Clinical Trial

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Abstract
The safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of lopinavir, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor, coformulated with ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic enhancer were evaluated in 38 antiretroviral-naive patients randomized 1:1 to receive open-label lopinavir/ritonavir at a dose of 800/200 mg once daily or 400/100 mg twice daily, each in combination with stavudine and lamivudine twice daily, for 48 weeks. Over the course of 48 weeks, median predose concentrations of lopinavir exceeded the protein-binding corrected concentration required to inhibit replication of wild-type HIV by 50% in vitro by 40- and 84-fold in the once- and twice-daily groups, respectively. Predose concentrations of lopinavir were more variable in the once-daily group (mean ± SD, 3.62±3.38 μg/mL for the once-daily group and 7.13±2.93 μg/mL for the twice-daily group). At week 48, in an intent-to-treat (missing = failure) analysis, 74% of patients in the once-daily group and 79% of patients in the twice-daily group had HIV RNA levels of 400 copies/mL between weeks 24 and 48 demonstrated no protease inhibitor–resistance mutations

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