Abstract
Significant progress was recently made in the characterization of the preleukemic phase of human acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). In addition to the well-defined syndromes which precede ANLL, a number of less well-defined and poorly understood preleukemic states were described. The well-defined syndromes associated with increased risk of ANLL include exposure to myelotoxic agents such as chloramphenicol, benzene, phenylbutazone and As; exposure to ionizing radiation; several chromosomal abnormalities including Down''s syndrome, Klinefelter''s syndrome and Turner''s syndrome; Fanconi''s congenital marrow hypoplasia; congenital agranulocytosis; idiopathic aplastic anemia; ataxia telangiectasia; and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

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