Contact areas in the thumb carpometacarpal joint

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Abstract
The thumb carpometacarpal joint is a common site of osteoarthritis. It has been hypothesized that peaks of localized stress on the dorsoradial or volar‐ulnar regions, or both, of the articular surfaces of the trapezium and metacarpal lead to erosion of cartilage and may be responsible for the progression of the disease. The objective of this study was to determine the contact areas in this joint under the functional position of lateral (key) pinch and in the extremes of range of motion of the joint. These contact areas were assessed relative to the observed sites of cartilage thinning. Eight hands from cadavers of women and five from cadavers of men were tested in vitro with the thumb under a 25 N load in the lateral pinch position, and under small muscle loads (0–5 N) with the thumb in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and neutral positions. Contact areas of articular surfaces of the thumb carpometacarpal joint were determined for these positions using a stereophotogrammetric technique. The lateral pinch position produced contact areas predominantly on the central, volar, and volar‐ulnar regions of the trapezium and the metacarpal. In three specimens, contact areas were distinctly separated between the dorsoradial and volar‐ulnar regions, and in one specimen, from a man, contact occurred exclusively on the dorsoradial region of the trapezium. Using stereophotogrammetry, maps of cartilage thickness also were determined for a subset of nine specimens. The volar‐ulnar, ulnar, and dorsoradial regions of the trapezium were the most common sites of thin cartilage, and these may be sites of cartilage wear. The results of this study indicate that the lateral pinch position produced stresses in the same regions where cartilage thinning was observed; this lends support to the hypothesis that high stresses can lead to osteoarthritis in this joint.