Recognition of Spellings Printed in Lower and Mixed Case: Evidence for Orthographic Images

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Abstract
Three experiments explored whether visual properties of word spellings are retained in memory. Two forms of a multiple-choice spelling recognition test were given to college students and seventh graders, one with the choices printed in lower-case type, the other printed in mixed-case type (e.g., eXaMpLe). Significantly more correct spellings were distinguished in the former case. Results are interpreted to support the view that orthographic images of words are retained in memory. Evidence for the relationship between spelling recognition, spelling production, and reading comprehension capabilities is also considered.

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