Energy balance studies in frog skeletal muscles shortening at one-half maximal velocity.

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Abstract
High-energy phosphate metabolism and energy liberated as heat and work were measured in 3-s tetani of frog sartorius muscle at 0 degree C. Two contraction periods were studied: (a) a 0.35-s period of shortening near half-maximum velocity beginning after 2 s of isometric stimulation, and (b) a 0.65-s isometric period immediately following the shortening. There were no significant changes in levels of ATP, ADP, or AMP in the two contraction periods. The observed changes in inorganic phosphate and creatine levels indicated that the only significant reaction occurring was phosphocreatine splitting. The mean rate of high-energy phosphate splitting during the shortening, 1.60 +/- 0.23 mumol X g-1 X s-1 (n = 24), was about fivefold higher than that in the 1-s period in the isometric tetanus, 0.32 +/- 0.11 mumol X g-1 X s-1 (n = 17), observed in our previous study. The mean rate in the post-shortening period, 0.46 +/- 0.13 mumol X g-1 X s-1 (n = 17), was not significantly different from that in the 1-s period in the isometric tetanus. A large amount of heat plus work was produced during the shortening period, and this could be accounted for by simultaneous chemical changes. In the post-shortening period, the observed enthalpy was also accounted for by simultaneous chemical reactions. Thus, the present result is in sharp contrast to that obtained from a similar study performed at a shortening at Vmax, where an enthalpy excess was produced during shortening and an enthalpy deficit was produced during the period following the shortening.