The surface of ice

Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
Especially at temperatures approaching the melting point, the surface of ice has properties significantly different from the bulk, and the surface is sometimes referred to as having a ‘liquid-like layer’. This chapter reviews many experiments to study this surface layer including scanning tunnelling microscopy, low energy electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, optical ellipsometry, surface conductivity, surface potentials, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning force microscopy. Different experiments reveal unusual features to different depths and at different temperatures. Attempts at interpretation involve both thermodynamics and molecular modelling. The surface energy and the angle of contact with the liquid have been determined and are relevant to adhesion.

This publication has 0 references indexed in Scilit: