Maximal Parenteral Glucose Oxidation in Hypermetabolic Young Children: A Stable Isotope Study

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Abstract
Background: During periods in which nutrition support of critically ill young children must be parenteral, glucose infusions are administered at up to 10 or more mg · kg-1 · min-1 to meet predicted energy needs. However, data in adults suggest that such high glucose loads exceed the ability to oxidize glucose in the hormonal milieu that characterizes critical illness. The purpose of this study was to determine if these high glucose loads are oxidized by critically ill young children. Methods: Ten young children with serious burns were enrolled in a stable isotope study of glucose metabolism. These five boys and five girls were an average age of 5.2 years (range, 1 to 11 years), weight of 18.4 kg (range, 10 to 31 kg) and burn size of 51.6% of the body surface (range, 35% to 86%). During clinically required episodes of parenteral nutrition support, we used the [13C6]glucose tracer to assess the efficacy of glucose oxidation at both 5 and 8 mg · kg-1 · min-1. Serum glucose was recorded and indirect calorimetry was performed. Results: The fraction of exogenous glucose oxidation fell from 59% ± 5% to 47% ± 5% (p < .05). Although there was a significantly increased level of total glucose oxidation (3.2 to 3.8 mg · kg-1 · min-1), this increment (29% ± 9%) was accompanied by a significant decrease in the efficiency of energy production, because the bulk of the additional glucose above 5 mg · kg-1 · min-1 was not being oxidized. Plasma glucose concentration did not change (145 ± 4 vs 137 ± 4 mg/dL, p < .01) and whole-body expired gas respiratory quotients remained consistent with a mixed fuel oxidation, implying that there exists an increased rate of exogenous glucose uptake by tissues in nonoxidative pathways. Conclusions: Maximum glucose oxidation in severely burned children occurs at intakes approximating 5 mg · kg-1 · min-1. Exogenous glucose in excess of this amount enters nonoxidative pathways and is unlikely to improve energy balance. Clinical markers such as serum glucose levels or expired respiratory quotient may not detect inefficient glucose utilization. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 22:212-216, 1998)