Anatomy and histology of the circulatory system of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria(Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

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Abstract
The dorsal diaphragm extends from first to the tenth abdominal segment while the ventral diaphragm from prothorax to the eighth abdominal segment. Eight pairs of alary muscles are located in second to ninth abdominal segment. The dorsal vessel, extending from the frons to the tenth abdominal segment, is divisible into heart and aorta. There are eight heart chambers located in the second to ninth abdominal segment. The aorta in the mesothorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment bears ampullae; it extends into the head and ends in a funnel appressed to the frons. A membranous flap-like, triradiate structure is attached to the dorsal wall of the aorta near the oesophageal ganglia. The dorsal vessel bears seven pairs of ventro-lateral excurrent ostia and twelve pairs of dorso-lateral incurrent ostia, the latter bearing internal valves. In the neck region the dorsal vessel is supported by a median dorsal septum. The caudal end of the last heart chamber is attached to the tenth abdominal tergite by a ligament. Pericardial cells are circular with granulated cytoplasm and one or two nuclei and are found scattered along the dorsal vessel in the abdomen, on the thoracic ampullae, dorsal diaphragm and on some portions of the alary muscles. The pericardial cells in the abdominal region serve as supporting cells connecting the dorsal wall of the heart with the tergum. Phagocytic cells are flattened with incomplete cell walls and large nucleus, and are found on the dorsal diaphragm up to the fourth abdominal heart chamber. A pair of antennal ampullae located just below the edge of the antennal sockets communicate with the antennae.

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