Eye and head movements in patients with achromatopsia

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Abstract
The diagnosis of patients with rod monochromatism (RM) and blue-cone monochromatism (BCM) may be difficult. The relative direction and symmetry of nystagmus of the two eyes, as well as the existence or nature of rhythmic head movements, are not known. We analyzed simultaneous eye and head movement recordings of 16 patients with RM and three patients with BCM. Longitudinal examinations were performed in seven patients. Younger patients had pendular, intermittent or continuous oblique nystagmus with both eyes oscillating in phase or out of phase with equal amplitudes. Older patients had continuous symmetrical oblique jerk nystamus with decreasing velocities in the slow phase. In two children, we demonstrated evolution from pendular to predominantly jerk nystagmus. Rhythmic head movements were detected in all children. Patients with RM and BCM exhibit a distinct entity of nystagmus and can be differentiated from patients with congenital or latent nystagmus. However, eye and head movements can mimic spasmus nutans.