Light scattering by lungs correlates with stereological measurements

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Abstract
The pattern of light backscattered by lung tissue should depend strongly on the size of air spaces and equivalently on the internal surface area of the lung. To verify and apply this, we shone a laser beam into excised lungs through the pleural surface and measured the backscattered light surrounding the beam with a focused photodetector. The intensity, I, fell off as a function of distance, r, from the point of entry of light. The configurations of I(r) curves corresponded closely to theory over a 3-decade range of I. I(r) changed systematically with lung volume. The optical mean free path, lambda, was calculated from I(r) curves in a series of canine lobes fixed immediately after optical scanning and was compared with stereological measurement of mean linear intercept, Lm, an index of alveolar size. At high lung volumes the relation of lambda to Lm was consistent with reflection by alveolar septa. At lower lung volumes there appeared to be, additionally, a substantial refractive component. This technique is independent of current stereological methods and has the advantages of being noninvasive, continuous, and potentially applicable to dynamic events in unfixed lungs.