Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery

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Abstract
The cardiovascular assessment of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery has been intensively investigated over the past 10 years. These studies have culminated in guidelines recently published by a joint task force of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association.1 On the basis of a review of the current scientific evidence, several principles of perioperative evaluation and management have emerged.First, clinical markers identifiable during a careful preoperative history-taking, physical examination, and review of the chest film and electrocardiogram are extremely useful in estimating both the perioperative and the long-term cardiac risk. The risk is highest among patients with . . .