Stable, tough, adherent Langmuir–Blodgett films: Preparation and structure of ordered, true monolayers of a phthalocyanine

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Abstract
The first clear evidence for the preparation of true Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayers and built-up multilayers of a lightly substituted phthalocyanine (Pc) is reported. It is shown that the LB films are well ordered and thermally and structurally stable, and that the structure is very similar to that of crystals of the unsubstituted Pc. The films are tough, adherent, and ultrathin (~17 Å). Layers of this type may permit the first really practical electronic devices that contain (insulating) LB films.