Impaired megakaryocytopoiesis in type 2B von Willebrand disease with severe thrombocytopenia

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Abstract
In type 2B von Willebrand disease, there is spontaneous binding of mutated von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers to platelets. Here we report a family in which severe thrombocytopenia may also be linked to abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis. A heterozygous mutation in the VWF A1 domain gave a R1308P substitution in an interactive site for glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα). Electron microscopy showed clusters of platelets in close contact. Binding of antibodies to the GPIbα N-terminal domain was decreased, whereas GPIX and GPV were normally detected. In Western blotting (WB), GPIbα, αIIb, and β3 were normally present. Proteins involved in Ca2+ homeostasis were analyzed by quantitating platelet mRNA or by WB. Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA)-4b and type III inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3-R3) were selectively increased. The presence of degradation products of polyadenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase protein (PARP) suggested ongoing caspase-3 activity. These were findings typical of immature normal megakaryocytes cultured from peripheral blood CD34+ cells with TPO. Significantly, megakaryocytes from the patients in culture produced self-associated and interwoven proplatelets. Immunolocalization showed VWF not only associated with platelets, but already on the megakaryocyte surface and within internal channels. In this family, type 2B VWD is clearly associated with abnormal platelet production.