Lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma and not transforming growth factor beta inhibits retinal microglial migration from retinal explant

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Abstract
Background/aims: The retina possesses a rich network of CD45+ positive myeloid derived cells that both surround inner retinal vessels and lie within the retina (microglia). Microglia migrate and accumulate in response to neurodegeneration and inflammation. Although microglia express MHC class II, their role remains undefined. The aims of this study are to investigate changes in human microglia phenotype, migration, and activation status in response to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimulation. Methods: Donor eyes were obtained from the Bristol Eye Bank with consent and whole retina was removed. 5 mm retinal trephines were cultured in glucose enhanced RPMI on cell culture insert membranes for up to 72 hours. The effects of lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ (LPS/IFNγ) and transforming growth factor β inhibits (TGFβ) stimulation, alone or in combination, on migration, phenotype, and activation status (iNOS expression) of microglia were studied using immunofluorescence and cytokine analysis by ELISA. Results: CD45+ MHC class II+ retinal microglia were observed within retinal explants, and in culture microglia readily migrated, adhered to culture membrane, downregulated MHC class II expression, and produced interleukin 12 (IL-12) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). Following LPS/IFNγ stimulation microglia remained MHC class II− iNOS−, and secreted IL-10. Migration was suppressed and this could be reversed by neutralising IL-10 activity. TGFβ did not affect ability of microglia to migrate and was unable to reverse LPS/IFNγ induced suppression. Conclusions: Microglia readily migrate from retinal explants and are subsequently MHC class II−, iNOS−, and generate IL-12. In response to LPS/IFNγ microglia produce IL-10, which inhibits both their migration and activation. TGFβ was unable to counter LPS/IFNγ effects. The data infer that microglia respond coordinately, dependent upon initial cytokine stimulation, but paradoxically respond to classic myeloid activation signals.