Electron‐Impact Ionization Cross Sections. IV. Group IVb Atoms

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Abstract
The electron‐impact ionization cross sections for Ag, Ge, Sn, and Pb have been measured relative to one another by quantitatively vaporizing known amounts of material in a mass spectrometer. For 60‐eV impacting electrons, the relative single ionization cross sections are found to be (1.00), 1.46±0.3, 1.46±0.16, and 1.43±0.1, respectively. The corresponding secondary‐electron multiplier gains for 6.4‐keV ions are (1.00), 1.04, 1.03, and 0.79, all ±5%. These experimental cross‐section ratios are compared to the best available calculated values. From the absolute cross section for Pb of Beilina et al., that for Ag is 5.6×10−16 cm2.