Resistance Measurement and Management

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Abstract
Insecticide products registered for control of stored-product insects vary from country to country, and the types and number of insecticides registered within a country are largely dependent on the need and existing pesticide regulations. For instance, pyrethroids, such as deltamethrin and bioresmethrin, are not registered for use on stored grains in the United States, but these chemicals are registered for use on stored wheat in Australia. The important features of insecticides used on stored commodities and empty storage facilities were reviewed in Chapter 7. Insecticides are commonly used for stored-product insect management because their use is simple and cost-effective. The frequent use of insecticides as a substitute rather than as a supplement to nonchemical insect management techniques (Storey et al. 1984; Harein et al. 1985; Kenkel et al. 1994) has resulted in the failure of these chemicals to effectively control stored-product insects. There are several reasons for field failures of an insecticide. Field failures can occur if an insecticide is applied at less than the labeled rate, resulting in exposure of insects to sublethal doses. Generally, this problem can be corrected by proper calibration of the insecticide application equipment and the grain flow rate when using grain protectants. In the case of fumigants, proper sealing of the facilities is important to maintain lethal levels of the gas concentration. Uneven coverage of the insecticide on stored commodities, or applying an insecticide after the appearance of a heavy infestation, may allow some insects to escape the treatment. The most important reason for possible field failures is the evolution of resistance in insects to insecticides. Before resistance is suspected, it is important to rule out factors other than resistance for the failure of an insecticide to effectively control insects.

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