Enzymatically Degraded, Nonoxidized LDL Induces Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Activation, Foam Cell Transformation, and Proliferation

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Abstract
Background—Enzymatic, nonoxidative modification transforms LDL to an atherogenic molecule (E-LDL) that activates complement and macrophages and is present in early atherosclerotic lesions.Methods and Results—We report on the atherogenic effects of E-LDL on human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). E-LDL accumulated in these cells, and this was accompanied by selective induction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the absence of effects on the expression of interleukin (IL)-8, RANTES, or monocyte inflammatory proteins-1α and -β). Furthermore, E-LDL stimulated the expression of gp130, the signal-transducing chain of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) family, and the secretion of IL-6. E-LDL invoked mitogenic effects on SMC through 2 mechanisms. First, an autocrine mitogenic circuit involving platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-β was induced. Second, upregulation of gp130 rendered SMC sensitive to transsignaling through the IL-6/sIL-6R activation pathway. Because E-LDL promoted release of both IL-6 and sIL-6R from macrophages, application of macrophage cell supernatants to prestimulated SMC provoked a pronounced and sustained proliferation of the cells.Conclusions—E-LDL can invoke alterations in SMC that are characteristic of the evolving atherosclerotic lesion.