Preparation and quantitative magnetic studies of single-domain nickel cylinders

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Abstract
For a complete experimental and theoretical explanation of the magnetic processes in an interacting collection of submicron magnetic particles, a fundamental understanding of the magnetic properties of individual single‐domain particles must first be achieved. We have prepared elongated Ni columns ranging in diameter from 0.15 to 1.0 μm by electroplating into specially prepared Al2O3 and glass channeled pore membranes. We have also prepared controlled arrays of Ni columns using e‐beam lithography, subsequently electroplating into the written patterns. Using transmission electron microscopy, we have characterized the shape, size, morphology, and crystal structure of the columns. Magnetic force microscopy has been used to determine the switching field Hs versus the applied field angle of the columns. Although the switching field data can be fit to the functional form for nucleation by curling in an infinite cylinder, the observed weak dependence of Hs on column diameter is inconsistent with that expected for curling, particularly for columns of diameter ≳0.3 μm.