Surface analysis of the adhesive bond between various Cu, Sn, and Fe bronze alloys and rubber

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Abstract
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to characterize laboratory produced bronze plated steel sheets and AES and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate the interphase layer between these sheets and rubber. These sheets were produced to simulate bronze coated steel wire used in tire beads. The AES analysis showed that different bead wire production conditions could be reproduced in the laboratory. The bronze–rubber interface was prepared for investigation by peeling the steel sheet from the rubber and also by depth profiling to the interface through the steel sheet which had been electrochemically thinned to a thickness of <1 μm. The Cu was found to have formed a copper sulfide layer on top of a copper oxide layer. Layers of Sn, Fe, and Zn (from the rubber) were observed in the adhesive layer.

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