Tumor Necrosis Factor–α and Interleukin‐1α Decrease the Adherence ofStreptococcus pyogenesto Cultured Keratinocytes

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Abstract
We hypothesized that the primary epidermal cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)—α and interleukin (IL)—1α, which are produced after skin injury, modulate bacterial adherence and the initiation of group A streptococcal skin infections. Streptococcus pyogenes binds preferentially to highly differentiated keratinocytes in vitro, simulating the superficial human skin infection, impetigo, and providing a model system for testing this hypothesis. Exposure of keratinocytes to 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 20 h decreased adherence to undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes by 33% and 38%, respectively. Treatment with 1 ng/mL IL-1α decreased adherence to undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes by 23% and 18%, respectively. Exposure to both cytokines simultaneously produced an additive 50% reduction in adherence. These data suggest that TNF-α and IL-1α may play a role in cutaneous host defense by impeding streptococcal adherence and decreasing its ability to form a nidus of infection in the skin.

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