Solvatochromism of a Novel Betaine Dye Derived from Purine

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Abstract
A novel solvatochromic betaine dye has been synthesized from xanthosine and characterized spectroscopically by UV−vis in a broad range of solvents. The dye 9-(2‘,3‘,5‘-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-2-(pyridinium-1-yl)-9H-purin-6-olate, 1a, exhibits solvent-induced spectral band shifts that are 2/3 as large as that of the betaine known as Reichardt's dye, which forms the basis of the ET(30) solvent polarity scale. Moreover, the dye 1a is a ribonucleoside and hence has the potential application as a polarity probe for application in RNA oligonucleotides. The isomeric dye 6-(pyridinium-1)-yl-9H-purin-2-olate, 2a, has also been synthesized and exhibits slightly smaller solvatochromic band shifts. The new betaine dyes have also been studied by comparing the experimental and calculated solvatochromic shifts based on the calculation of the UV/vis absorption spectra, using a combination of methods with density functional theory (DFT). The COSMO continuum dielectric method, an applied electric field term in the Hamiltonian, and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods were used to obtain absorption energies, ground-state dipole moments, and the difference dipole moment between the ground and excited states. The calculations predict a lower energy absorption band of charge-transfer character that is highly solvatochromic, and a higher energy absorption band that has π−π* character which is not solvatochromic, in agreement with the experimental data. For Reichardt's dye the difference dipole moment between the ground and excited state (Δμ = μe − μg) was also calculated and compared to experiment: Δμ(calcd) = −6 D and Δμ(exptl) = −9 ± 1 D. 1 The ground-state dipole moment was found to be μg(calcd) = 18 D and μg(exptl) = 14.8 ± 1.2 D.1