Solution Structure of Amyloid β-Peptide(1−40) in a Water−Micelle Environment. Is the Membrane-Spanning Domain Where We Think It Is?,

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Abstract
The three-dimensional solution structure of the 40 residue amyloid β-peptide, Aβ(1−40), has been determined using NMR spectroscopy at pH 5.1, in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. In this environment, which simulates to some extent a water−membrane medium, the peptide is unstructured between residues 1 and 14 which are mainly polar and likely solvated by water. However, the rest of the protein adopts an α-helical conformation between residues 15 and 36 with a kink or hinge at 25−27. This largely hydrophobic region is likely solvated by SDS. Based on the derived structures, evidence is provided in support of a possible new location for the transmembrane domain of Aβ within the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Studies between pH 4.2 and 7.9 reveal a pH-dependent helix−coil conformational switch. At the lower pH values, where the carboxylate residues are protonated, the helix is uncharged, intact, and lipid-soluble. As the pH increases above 6.0, part of the helical region (15−24) becomes less structured, particularly near residues E22 and D23 where deprotonation appears to facilitate unwinding of the helix. This pH-dependent unfolding to a random coil conformation precedes any tendency of this peptide to aggregate to a β-sheet as the pH increases. The structural biology described herein for Aβ(1−40) suggests that (i) the C-terminal two-thirds of the peptide is an α-helix in membrane-like environments, (ii) deprotonation of two acidic amino acids in the helix promotes a helix−coil conformational transition that precedes aggregation, (iii) a mobile hinge exists in the helical region of Aβ(1−40) and this may be relevant to its membrane-inserting properties and conformational rearrangements, and (iv) the location of the transmembrane domain of amyloid precursor proteins may be different from that accepted in the literature. These results may provide new insight to the structural properties of amyloid β-peptides of relevance to Alzheimer's disease.