15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 Inhibits IFN-γ-Induced Galectin-9 Expression in Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

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Abstract
Background: Galectin-9 is involved in chemotaxis and adhesion of eosinophils, and is induced in vascular endothelial cells by interferon-γ (IFN-γ). 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), and known to modulate the expression of various genes. Methods: We have studied the effect of 15d-PGJ2 on the IFN-γ-induced galectin-9 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in culture. Results: 15d-PGJ2 inhibited the IFN-γ-induced galectin-9 expression in a PPAR-γ-independent manner, and also inhibited the adhesion of EoL-1 cells to an HUVEC monolayer treated with IFN-γ. 15d-PGJ2 partially inhibited IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of STAT-1 in HUVEC. Conclusions: 15d-PGJ2 may regulate inflammatory reactions through the inhibition of galectin-9 expression.