Cognitive maps in rats and men.

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Abstract
Latent learning, vicarious trial and error, searching for the stimulus, hypotheses, and spatial orientation expts. in rat learning, all support the conception that learning is the development of tentative, cognitive-like maps of the environment. This cognitive-map theory is contrasted with a simple stimulus-response theory, Cognitive maps are narrow or broad, depending on whether there is brain damage, an inadequate array of environmentally-presented cues, an over-dose of repetitions on the original trained-on path, or excessive motivation or frustration during the original learning. Relevant inferences concerning human social behavior are offered.

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