Comparison of Three Methods of Measuring Winter Hardiness of Internodal Stem Sections of Forsythia intermedia ‘Lynwood’1

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Abstract
The electrolytic, visual, and electrical impedance methods for estimating freezing injury were highly associated. The electrolytic method was more closely associated with the visual method and better separated the effects of freezing temperatures than did the electrical impedance method. The electrical impedance method yielded results in the shortest time. The electrical impedance and visual methods evaluated freezing injury to woody internodal stem sections without the need for unfrozen controls.

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