Importance of persistent cellular and humoral immune changes before diabetes develops: prospective study of identical twins

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Abstract
Objectives : To determine the pattern of cellular and humoral immune changes associated with insulin dependent diabetes before diabetes develops. Design : Prospective study over 10 years of 25 non-diabetic indentical twins of patients with insulin dependent diabetes. The non-diabetic twins were followed up either till they developed diabetes or to the end of the study. Setting : Teaching hospital. Subjects : 25 non-diabetic identical cotwins of patients with diabetes; 46 controls of the same sex and similar age tested over the same period. Of the 25 twins (total follow up 144 patient years), 10 developed diabetes (prediabetic twins); the remainder were followed up for a mean of 7.7 years. Main outcome measures : Results of glucose tolerance tests or fasting blood glucose concentrations at each sample point. Measurements of activated T lymphocytes, expressing the HLA-DR antigen, islet cell antibodies, and insulin authoantibodies in samples. Results : All 10 prediabetic twins had both cellular and humoral changes initially and in most samples beofore diabetes was diagnosed (activated T lymphocytes in 39/40, islet cell antibodies in 45/47, and insulin authoantibodies to islet cells and insulin were detected infrequently (in 8/54, 6/69, and 0/69 samples, respectively). The combination of cellular and humoral (islet cell antibodies or insulin autoantibodies) immune changes were detected in all 10 of the prediabetic twins but in only one of the 15 nondiabetic twins (PConclusion : Most of the twins had cellular or humoral immune changes at some stage. A combination of cellular and humoral immune changes and their tendency to persist is highly predictive of insulin dependent diabetes and distinguishes twins who develop diabetes from those who do not.