Reports 5 investigations of variables related to the motivational control of retrograde amnesias for long-term habits which result from single ECS treatments. Ss were 176 Long-Evans rats. In terms of the paradigms of M. J. Robbins and D. R. Meyer (see record), habits that were 3rd in a series were generally resistant to the treatment, were moderately impaired if the ECS treatments were delayed, and were markedly impaired if the tests for retention were carried out in changed motivational contexts. The latter result is discussed in relation to the view that long-term habits are affected by the treatments if and only if they operate as punishments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)