Bivariate normal song territories in ovenbirds

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Abstract
Song perches of each of nine male ovenbirds were bivariate normal in spatial distribution. Thus, song territories had no fixed boundaries. Song territories were elliptical rather than circular in shape, presumably due to environmental heterogeneity. Eighty-five percent equal frequency ellipses, which contain about 85% of the song perches of a given bird, corresponded approximately in area to the more conventional 95% song territory. Similarly, 90% equal frequency ellipses had about the same area as total song territories. However, all area estimates yielded closely correlated results. Distances between song centers and nest locations were highly variable. The distribution of nests was similar to that of song perches.

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