Demographic, reproductive, medical, and environmental factors in relation to gastroschisis

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Abstract
To identify risk factors for gastroschisis other than drug use in pregnancy, an analysis of data collected in a case‐control surveillance program of birth defects (1976‐1990) was conducted. Drug use is considered in Werler et al.,Teratology, 45:361‐367, 1992. Maternal demographic, reproductive, and medical factors, and first trimester environmental exposures, were compared between 76 gastroschisis cases and 2,581 malformed controls. A strong inverse association was found for maternal age: relative to women 30 years or older, relative risks for 25‐29, 20‐24, and <20‐year‐old women were 1.7, 5.4, and 16, respectively. Multivariate relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) for alcohol use were as follows: for 1‐5 drinks per week, 1.6 (0.7‐3.4); for ⩾6 drinks per week, 2.5 (0.9‐6.8); for a maximum of 1‐4 drinks at any one time, 0.8 (0.4‐1.6); and for a maximum of ⩽5 drinks, 2.8 (1.2‐6.5). With the effect of age taken into account, no associations were identified for cigarette smoking, consumption of caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee, unplanned pregnancy, 12 or less years of education, or a parity of two or more. Other medical and reproductive factors, including weight gain, vaginal bleeding, nausea or vomiting, influenza, “other” infection, and history of spontaneous abortion or elective abortion did not increase the risk.