This book studies maternal care and maternal mortality. Over the last two hundred years different countries developed quite different systems of maternal care. This book is an analysis, firmly grounded in the available statistics, of the evolution of those systems between 1800 and 1950 in Britain, the US, Australia and New Zealand, and continental Europe. The book examines the effectiveness of various forms of maternal care by means of the measurement of maternal mortality — the number of women who died as a result of childbirth. The study answers a number of questions: What was the relative risk of a home or hospital delivery, or a delivery by a midwife as opposed to a doctor? What was the safest country in which to have a baby, and what were the factors which accounted for enormous international differences? Why, against all expectations, did maternal mortality fail to decline significantly until the late 1930s?