Psychological measures of eating behavior and the accuracy of 3 common dietary assessment methods in healthy postmenopausal women

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Abstract
Background: Factors affecting the accuracy of reported energy intake (rEI) need to be identified. Objective: Our objective was to investigate the association of psychological measures of eating behavior with the accuracy of rEI assessed by 7-d weighed intakes, a 24-h recall, and a food-frequency questionnaire. Design: Subjects were 26 restrained eaters aged 60.3 ± 0.6 y (x̄ ± SEM) and weighing 63.8 ± 1.7 kg and 34 unrestrained eaters aged 59.4 ± 0.6 y and weighing 64.0 kg. rEI was assessed by using 3 dietary assessment methods and total energy expenditure (TEE) was determined by using doubly labeled water. Calculated EI (cEI) was determined as TEE corrected for the estimated change in body energy. Subjects completed the Eating Inventory. Results: rEI values were significantly lower than TEE values for all 3 dietary assessment methods (P < 0.05); there was no significant relation between rEI and TEE by any method. There was no significant difference in 100 × rEI:TEE between restrained and unrestrained eaters by any of the dietary assessment methods. When combined data from the 3 methods were used, 100 × rEI:cEI was not significantly different from 100% in unrestrained eaters (99 ± 6.8%) but was lower in restrained eaters (89.1 ± 5.3%; P < 0.05). There was a positive relation between hunger and 100 × rEI:TEE (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Low hunger is associated with undereating relative to normal eating during measurement of dietary intake; high dietary restraint may be associated with a reduction in reporting of consumed foods. Dietary hunger and restraint assessed with use of the Eating Inventory may help to identify subjects likely to underreport dietary intake.