Characterization of an inducible citrate uptake system inPenicillium simplicissimum

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Abstract
When citrate was used as a sole source of carbon, citrate uptake by Penicillium simplicissimum increased 267-fold (if glucose-grown mycelium was adapted to citrate) or 1400-fold (if the fungus was grown on citrate) compared to glucose-grown mycelium. Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis prevented this stimulation of citrate uptake. Citrate uptake by glucose-grown mycelium was low (0.0015 nmol min−1 (mg DW)−1) and most probably due to diffusion of undissociated citric acid. Citrate-adapted mycelium had a KM of 65 μmol l−1 and a Vmax of 0.34 nmol min−1 (mg DW)−1. In citrate-grown mycelium KM was 318 μmol l−1 and Vmax was 8.5 nmol min−1 (mg DW)−1. Citrate uptake was inhibited by sodium azide and uncouplers (TCS, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide; FCCP, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone). Because of this we postulate that the induced citrate uptake must be an active transport process. The pH optimum of citrate uptake was between pH 6 and 7. EDTA and Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Ca2+ only weakly influenced the induced citrate uptake. The properties of citrate uptake by Aspergillus niger and P. simplicissimum are compared.