Premium loadings for non-participating business

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Abstract
Actuaries tend to use deterministic rather than stochastic methods and confine their calculations to the computation of expectations. The adverse effects of statistical fluctuations are usually avoided by including contingency margins in the calculations and professional judgment plays a large part in the determination of the margins. In this paper, we show how the results of two recent theoretical papers can be used to supplement professional judgment in the area of premium loadings for non-participating business. The methods are also of interest in connection with participating business.

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