Quantitative Characterization of Trace Levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Tennessee River

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Abstract
Although there is evidence of widespread distribution of organic fluorochemicals such as perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, in the environment, the versatility of these compounds in industrial and commercial applications complicates characterization of pathways into the environment. A solid-phase extraction method coupled with HPLC−negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was developed to quantitatively measure trace levels of organic fluorochemicals in drinking water and surface water. Using this method, certain fluorochemicals can be quantitatively measured in water samples down to 25 ppt, a level well below calculated drinking water advisory levels. To assess fluorochemical distribution in a localized geography and to ascertain whether fluorochemical manufacturing facilities contribute to environmental levels of fluorochemicals, 40 water samples were collected on an 80-mi stretch of the Tennessee River, near a fluorochemical manufacturing site in Decatur, AL. Low levels (ppt) of perfluorooctane sulfonate were determined throughout the stretch of river sampled. Concentrations of the measured fluorochemicals increased downstream of the fluorochemical manufacturing facility, indicating that effluent from manufacturing is one likely source of organic fluorochemicals into the river.