Characterization of a unique aldo‐keto reductase responsible for the reduction of chlordecone in the liver of the gerbil and man

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Abstract
It has been established that the major metabolic pathway for chlordecone (CD)(Ke‐pone) both in humans and in the Mongolian gerbil is bioreduction of this organo‐chlorine pesticide to chlordecone alcohol (CDOH) in the liver. In the present study we developed a gas‐liquid chromatography assay to measure the enzymatic reduction of CD to CDOH in vitro and characterized “CD reductase” activity in gerbil liver cytosol. CD reductase is a cytosolic enzyme readily detectable in liver samples prepared from humans, rabbits, and gerbils, the only species of many tested that convert CD to CDOH in vivo. Gerbil CD reductase exhibited a K m of 2.6 μM, a V max of 0.14 nmol/min, and a pH optimum of 6.5. The enzyme activity required NADPH, was sensitive to thiol reagents, and was distributed in all tissues with the highest activities found in the liver, intestine, and kidneys. These results are consistent with CD reductase belonging to the family of enzymes referred to as the “aldo‐keto reductases.” However, unlike previously described reductases, CD reductase was undetectable in rats, mice, hamsters, or guinea pigs and was insensitive to the model aldehyde and ketone reductase inhibitors, phenobarbital and quercetin, respectively. In addition, CD reductase activity in liver was increased by 38% (p < 0.01) following treatment of gerbils with CD. We conclude that CD reductase is a novel aldo‐keto reductase that is uniquely inducible by its substrate.