Recurrent vulvar cancer

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Abstract
Recurrent vulvar cancer occurs in an average of 24% of cases after primary treatment after surgery with or without radiation. The relatively few primary vulvar cancers, combined with the low proportion of recurrences, has made it difficult to perform randomized studies to document the most appropriate therapeutic modalities. Most reports are small retrospective studies and anecdotal reviews that have emphasized the importance of surgery and have led to new approaches with respect to chemoradiation. Traditionally, the most accepted treatment of vulvar cancer has been and continues to be surgery. Recently, radiation and chemotherapy have been combined with very encouraging results. The therapeutic modality used depends on the location and extent of the recurrence. Most recurrences occur locally near the original resection margins or at the ipsilateral inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes. Lateralized local vulvar recurrences treated with a wide radical local excision with inguinal lymphadectomy results in an excellent cure rate of 70%. With a central pelvic recurrence with antecedent radiotherapy involving the urethra, upper vagina, and rectum, total pelvic exenteration is indicated in a select group of patients with curative intent. Radiotherapy or chemoradiation concomitantly with wide radical local excision of an advanced vulvar has proven successful in avoiding an exenteration, with improved survival and less morbidity. Prospective and retrospective studies have shown excellent results using radiation or chemoradiation with wide radical local excision in patients with locally advanced disease in whom adequate resection margins are difficult to achieve (with a central lesion requiring exenteration) or with debilitating medical conditions that preclude surgery. In these patients, chemoradiation has shown favorable results when used before a wide local resection. In patients with advanced local disease, external beam and interstitial radiation has been used for palliative and curative intent with encouraging results. Regional recurrences to the inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes have been shown to have a poor prognosis with a high mortality rate. We recommend that inguinal recurrences without prior radiation therapy undergo excision followed by radiotherapy with chemosensitization. In patients with previous radiation to the inguinal lymph nodes, we try to avoid any excisional procedures because of the high rate of complications. We offer these patients brachytherapy for palliation. With pelvic recurrences, we recommended chemoradiation as the treatment modality. In the subset of patients with distant metastasis, chemotherapy may be offered; however, few studies have been performed to advocate any single combination. The literature supports the use of 5-fluorouracil or cisplatin as single agents or in combination to have sensitivity against squamous cells. There are few studies revealing improvement in 5-year survival, thus these patients may benefit from recruitment into research protocols.