Nonlinear scaling of space use in human hunter–gatherers

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Abstract
Use of space by both humans and other mammals should reflect underlying physiological, ecological, and behavioral processes. In particular, the space used by an individual for its normal activities should reflect the interplay of three constraints: (i) metabolic resource demand, (ii) environmental resource supply, and (iii) social behaviors that determine the extent to which space is used exclusively or shared with other individuals. In wild mammals, there is an allometric scaling relation between the home range of an individual and its body size: Larger mammals require more space per individual, but this relation is additionally modified by productivity of the environment, trophic niche, sociality, and ability to defend a territory [Kelt DA, Van Vuren D (1999) Ecology 80: 337-340; Kelt DA, Van Vuren D (2001) Am Nat 157:637-645; Haskell JP, Ritchie ME, Olff H (2002) Nature 418:527-530; Damuth J (1987) Biol J Linn Soc 31:193-246; Damuth J (1981) Nature 290:699-700; and other previously published work]. In this paper we show how similar factors affect use of space by human hunter-gatherers, resulting in a nonlinear scaling relation between area used per individual and population size. The scaling exponent is less than one, so the area required by an average individual decreases with increasing population size, because social networks of material and information exchange introduce an economy of scale.