Mutagenic 1‐nitropyrene in wastewater from oil‐water separating tanks of gasoline stations and in used crankcase oil

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Abstract
Wastewater collected from oil‐water separating tanks of ten gasoline stations for a year was fractionated into diethyl ether‐soluble neutral, acidic, and basic fractions. Mutagenicity of these fractions was measured with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence or absence of S9 mix. The neutral fractions showed high mutagenicity in the absence of S9 mix. Each neutral fraction was subjected to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fractionated. A 1‐nitropyrene(1‐NP)‐corresponding fraction was collected and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and HPLC to prove that wastewater contains 1‐NP and to quantitate 1‐NP in wastewater. GC‐MS patterns showed the following molecular and fragment ion peaks of 1‐NP: 247, 217, 201, and 189. The amount of 1‐NP in 36 samples of wastewater was 4.2–25,600 ng per liter of wastewater, and 1‐NP accounted for O.3–58.5% of the total mutagenicity of the neutral fractions. The other 19 samples of wastewater did not contain any detectable 1‐NP. The mutagenicity of wastewater may be due to water from car washing and contamination by used crankcase oil. A Soxhlet extract of crankcase oil used in a gasoline engine was fractionated into three fractions as above. Mutagenicity was measured with strains TA98, TA100, TA98NR, and TA98/1,8‐DNP6 in the absence or presence of S9 mix. The neutral fraction showed the highest mutagenicity with strain TA98 in the absence of S9 mix, and its mutagenicity was decreased in strains TA98NR and TA98/1,8DNP6. The latter result indicates that the used engine‐oil contained 1‐NP and dinitropyrenes. Actually, the amounts of 1‐NP and 1,6‐diNP in used crankcase oil were 138 and 2.0 ng per ml of oil, respectively, and these concentrations accounted for 0.45 and 2.7%, respectively, of the total mutagenicity of the neutral fraction with strain TA98 in the absence of S9 mix. Moreover, the concentrations of 1‐NP and 1,6‐diNP in used crankcase oil of a diesel engine were 349 and 31 ng per ml of oil, respectively, accounting for 0.9 and 12%, respectively, of the total mutagenicity of the neutral fraction in the same assay system.