Flame-Resistant Cellulose Esters

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Abstract
The alkaline hydrolytic stability of the phosphate and sulfate esters of cellulose is sufficient to withstand multiple home launderings without saponification of the ester linkage. However, the impairment of the flame resistance by the ion exchange properties of cellulose phosphate and the severe afterglow of cellulose sulfate have hindered the acceptance of such esterification reactions as durable flame-retarding finishes. A single step method, based upon a combination of the sulfation and phoslohorylation reactions, has been developed to impart flame and glow resistance to cellulosic substrates; it is durable, even to hard water launderings without the necessity of regeneration. Ammonium sulfamate is used as the sulfating agent, and phosphoric triamides, as phosphorylating agents. Optimum performance is obtained at a sulfur content of approximately 2% and a phosphorus/ sulfur ratio greater than 1.3. The incorporation of methylolated amide crosslinkers into the formulation helps to minimize the adverse side effects of the treatment on the physical properties.

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