The Ichnofossils of the Triassic Hope Bay Formation, Trinity Peninsula Group, Antarctic Peninsula

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Abstract
The Triassic Hope Bay Formation (Trinity Peninsula Group) includes a diverse ichnocoenosis in the Puerto Moro succession (Hope Bay, Antarctic Peninsula). The Hope Bay Formation is a thick turbidite succession with a minimum vertical exposure of 533 meters along the Hope Bay coast. The rocks are locally affected by contact metamorphism related to later arc magmatism. The ichnofossils are found mainly in thick- and thin-bedded sandstone-mudstone facies composed of a monotonous repetition of sandstone-mudstone cycles. The sandstones are usually medium grained, massive or parallel laminated; the mudstones are massive and rarely laminated. In the fine-grained rocks, mainly the mudstones, there are distinct densities of bioturbation, and at least six patterns were observed. The following ichnogenera were recognized: Arenicolites Salter 1857, Lophoctenium Richter 1850, Taenidium Heer 1877, Palaeophycus Hall 1847, Phycosiphon von Fischer-Ooster 1858 and Rhizocorallium Zenker 1836. All appear to be feeding-traces. The trace fossil assemblages occur mainly in black mudstones rich in organic material that suggest a low oxygen environment. The stratigraphic interval in which they occur is interpreted as progradational supra-fan lobes with channel fill and levee deposits. The thin-bedded turbidite and mudstone lithofacies, where the ichnofossils are abundant, is interpreted as a distal fan turbidite or levee deposit related to a long-term channel fill. This study is the first significant report of trace fossils in the Hope Bay Formation.