SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE KÖNIGS–KNORR SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOSIDES

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Abstract
Glycosyl halides decompose readily in the presence of silver oxide under conditions generally used for the Königs–Knorr synthesis of glycosides. This "side reaction" probably accounts for the low yields commonly obtained in the synthesis of oligosaccharides, particularly those involving the formation of a glycosidic union through an unreactive secondary position. The rate of the side reaction, as well as that of the normal condensation reaction, is dependent on the condition of the silver oxide, and is retarded markedly by elemental iodine. This latter effect appears to be related to the improved yield obtained in Königs–Knorr syntheses when iodine is used. Among the products formed in the decomposition of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl bromide are 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-mannose, a heptaacetyl 1,2,1′-linked dimeric orthoacetate, and a second high-molecular-weight compound that also shows ortho ester properties.