Chemo-Immunotherapy of murine solid tumors: Enhanced therapeutic effects by interleukin-2 combined with interferon α and the role of specific T cells

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Abstract
The aim of the present study has been to assess the therapeutic efficacy of various cytokines, singly or in combination, with and without chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, Cy), in mice carrying advanced, weakly immunogenic tumors (MCA-105 sarcoma, M109 carcinoma). Treatment of animals with i.p. growths or experimental pulmonary metastases began 8–18 days after i.p. or i.v. tumor cell inoculation respectively. None of the cytokines tested [interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon α (IFNα), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)] nor Cy had by itself a significant curative effect. A synergistic therapeutic effect was obtained with IL-2 or IFNα (but not with TNFα or M-CSF) in combination with Cy. The most efficacious regimen (65%–90% cure of mice carrying i.p. tumors) was the combination of Cy+IL-2+IFNα. Preliminary experiments suggested that sequential administration of these cytokines might be more beneficial than concurrent administration. Following successful immunotherapy, long-term (3–6 months) survivors showed a tumor-specific resistance to a second tumor challenge and their spleen contained an increased number of specific antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (5- to 20-fold, compared to control mice). In vitro and in vivo cell-depletion experiments using monoclonal antibodies revealed that T cells (primarily CD8), but not NK cells, are crucial for the therapeutic effects. This study indicates that a potent specific antitumor T cell immunity can be elicited against advanced weakly immunogenic tumors by combining chemotherapy (Cy) with IL-2 and IFNα.