Parental treatment, children's temperament, and the risk of childhood behavioral problems: 2. Initial temperament, parental attitudes, and the incidence and form of behavioral problems.

Abstract
Childhood behavioral problems are found to be related to both early temperament and parental behavior, in that first-year temperament scores predicted mild (but not more severe) problems. A parental pathology scale discriminated more severe cases among girls only; more severe cases among boys were accompanied by negative temperament changes. For both sexes, the form of subsequent behavioral problems was associated with first-year temperament patterns.