5—A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF YARN TENSIONS AND BALLOON SHAPES IN RING SPINNING

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Abstract
An account is given of the physical phenomena involved in ring spinning, and of the factors determining yarn tensions and balloon shapes. The treatment described is applicable to free balloons or to balloons formed between control rings, and enables a semi-quantitative description to be given of the way in which yarn tensions and balloon shapes change as the diameter of the package and the height of the balloon change. It is shown that the balloons formed in ring spinning can be regarded as part of a stationary wave system of circularly polarized transverse vibrations on a string. The wavelength can be calculated as a function of the maximum radius of the balloon, and it is shown that the maximum length of free balloon that can be formed without a neck is πP, where P = . (m is the mass per unit length of the yarn and ω is the angular velocity of the traveller.) For any ring radius and balloon height, the shape of the balloon can be determined when the tension T 0 in the yarn between thread guide and rollers is known. It is shown how this tension depends upon (a) ring-traveller friction, (b) yarn-traveller friction, (c) air-drag on the yarn in the balloon, and (d) balloon shape. For a given mean winding tensiori (the tension in the yarn as it is wound on to the bobbin), the greater the air-drag forces on the balloon, i.e. the greater the spindle speed or the height and diameter of the balloon, the srnaller T 0 can be. It is also shown that the use of balloon control rings, in addition to enabling the maximum height of the balloon to be increased, also reduces the fluctuations in T 0, caused by irregularities in the movement of the traveller round the ring.

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