Fluorescence bronchoscopy for localization of carcinoma in situ

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Abstract
A fluorescence bronchoscope system was developed for imaging human lung tumors by fluorescence of a previously injected, tumor-specific agent hematoporphyrin derivative. Carcinoma in situ has been localized, but there are too many false positives and negatives. A new system was implemented which allows rapid switching between viewing of fluorescence, and viewing of the same area under white light illumination as in conventional bronchoscopy. The excitation source is a violet krypton ion laser coupled to a fused quartz fiber light conductor, with a diverging microlens to spread the light uniformly. A 3rd-generation, microchannel plate image intensifier amplifies the weak fluoresence for viewing and video display, recording, and analysis. A movable mirror and periscope bypasses the intensifier for normal color viewing and video display and recording, with the laser shutter closed and the white light shutter open. This facilitates accurate localization, comparison of the color fluorescence images, and precise sampling during biopsy. The improved system should reduce the false positive rate due to biopsy sampling error, and together with the video analyzer should reduce indeterminate results.